{"id":3395,"date":"2022-01-07T15:34:03","date_gmt":"2022-01-07T13:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/?p=3395"},"modified":"2022-01-07T15:34:03","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T13:34:03","slug":"masina-hibrid-ce-este-o-masina-hibrid-si-cum-functioneaza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/masina-hibrid-ce-este-o-masina-hibrid-si-cum-functioneaza\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce este o ma\u0219ina hibrid si cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\"Ma\u0219ina<\/span>Ma\u0219ina hibrid<\/span><\/p>\n

CE ESTE O MA\u0218IN\u0102 HIBRID\u0102 \u0218I CUM FUNC\u021aIONEAZ\u0102?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u0219ina hibrid a fost inventat\u0103 de Jacob Lohner \u0219i Ferdinand Porsche \u00een 1900. Ma\u0219inile combin\u0103 motoare electrice cu un motor tradi\u021bional diesel sau pe benzin\u0103. Acest amestec de motoare diferen\u021biaz\u0103 hibrizii de ma\u0219inile electrice. Combinarea motoarelor electrice \u0219i tradi\u021bionale \u00eenseamn\u0103 de obicei un consum mai mic de combustibil. Sunt considerate a fi mai prietenoase cu mediul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CE ESTE O MA\u0218IN\u0102 HIBRID\u0102?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

O ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid\u0103 folose\u0219te ca surse de energie at\u00e2t un motor tradi\u021bional pe benzin\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i un motor electric.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u0219ina hibrid este o \u00eencruci\u0219are \u00eentre o ma\u0219in\u0103 pe benzin\u0103 sau diesel \u0219i o ma\u0219in\u0103 electric\u0103.\u00a0Dar nu sunt considerate ma\u0219ini electrice pentru c\u0103 au \u0219i motor pe benzin\u0103. Ma\u0219inile hibride au devenit populare deoarece folosesc mai pu\u021bin\u0103 benzin\u0103 dec\u00e2t ma\u0219inile standard, ceea ce le face mai ieftine de rulat \u0219i mai bune pentru mediu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

EXIST\u0102 HIBRIZI DIESEL?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Motoarele diesel sunt mai eficiente din punct de vedere al consumului de combustibil dec\u00e2t cele pe benzin\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103, teoretic, ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 hibrizi foarte eficien\u021bi.\u00a0Dar exist\u0103 foarte pu\u021bini hibrizi diesel, deoarece combinarea motoarelor diesel cu motoare electrice s-a dovedit a fi complicat\u0103 \u0219i costisitoare, compens\u00e2nd o mare parte din economiile de combustibil.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CINE A INVENTAT MA\u0218INA HIBRID?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Istoria ma\u0219inii hibride este mult mai lung\u0103 dec\u00e2t a\u021bi crede \u0219i a fost inventat\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een Austria \u00een anul 1900. A fost crea\u021bia unui constructor de autocare din Viena pe nume Jacob Lohner c\u0103ruia nu-i pl\u0103ceau vehiculele diesel zgomotoase \u0219i mirositoare.\u00a0El a angajat un t\u00e2n\u0103r inginer pe nume Ferdinand Porsche pentru a concepe o solu\u021bie electric\u0103.\u00a0Porsche a inventat un motor electric pentru butucul ro\u021bii care se potrive\u0219te \u00een interiorul celor patru ro\u021bi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dar cei doi b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i-au dorit o autonomie \u0219i o putere mai mare pentru ma\u0219ina lor, a\u0219a c\u0103 Porsche a ad\u0103ugat un motor cu ardere intern\u0103 care a pus \u00een func\u021biune un generator pentru a alimenta bateria. \u0218i a\u0219a s-a n\u0103scut ma\u0219ina hibrid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil a fost prezentat pentru prima dat\u0103 publicului la Expozi\u021bia de la Paris \u00een 1900. Din p\u0103cate, nu a fost foarte popular, iar Porsche\u00a0a fondat \u00een schimb compania omonim\u0103 de superma\u0219ini.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aproape o sut\u0103 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, Toyota a inventat faimosul s\u0103u hibrid Prius care a fost prima ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid de produc\u021bie din lume. A ap\u0103rut \u00een Japonia \u00een 1997 \u0219i \u00een restul lumii \u00een 2001.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ma\u0219ina<\/p>\n

CUM FUNC\u021aIONEAZ\u0102 MA\u0218INILE HIBRIDE?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 patru tipuri principale de ma\u0219ini hibride \u0219i fiecare func\u021bioneaz\u0103 u\u0219or diferit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u0219ini hibride de serie<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un hibrid de serie folose\u0219te motorul electric pentru a conduce ro\u021bile, iar motorul pe benzin\u0103 alimenteaz\u0103 un generator care produce electricitate \u0219i \u00eencarc\u0103 bateria.\u00a0Motorul pe benzin\u0103 nu propulseaz\u0103 niciodat\u0103 ma\u0219ina \u00eenainte, ci pur \u0219i simplu furnizeaz\u0103 energie pentru motorul electric. Hibrizii de serie pot folosi cele dou\u0103 surse de alimentare \u00eempreun\u0103 sau pot conduce doar pe baterie pe distan\u021be scurte.\u00a0Acesta este ceea ce \u00eei face at\u00e2t de eficien\u021bi \u00een traficul urban oprit \u0219i plecat.\u00a0Motorul pe benzin\u0103 porne\u0219te c\u00e2nd bateria se descarc\u0103 sau ma\u0219ina are nevoie de mai mult\u0103 putere pentru o vitez\u0103 mai mare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hibrizi paraleli<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00centr-un hibrid paralel, motorul pe benzin\u0103 \u0219i motorul electric sunt cuplate, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 lucreze \u00eempreun\u0103 pentru a alimenta ma\u0219ina.\u00a0Motorul pe benzin\u0103 face cea mai mare parte a muncii, iar motorul electric ofer\u0103 un impuls.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Principala diferen\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de hibrizii de serie este c\u0103 motorul pe benzin\u0103 alimenteaz\u0103 ma\u0219ina \u00een loc s\u0103 genereze electricitate.\u00a0Acest tip este cel mai ieftin de produs \u0219i cump\u0103rat, dar mai pu\u021bin eficient din punct de vedere al consumului de combustibil dec\u00e2t hibrizii din seria \u201ecomplet\u0103\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hibrizi serie-paralel<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Acestea sunt o combina\u021bie a primelor dou\u0103 tipuri.\u00a0Ma\u0219ina poate fi condus\u0103 exclusiv pe benzin\u0103, pur electric sau orice combina\u021bie a celor dou\u0103.\u00a0Motorul pe benzin\u0103 \u00eencarc\u0103 \u0219i bateria ca un hibrid de serie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul condusului normal, motorul pe benzin\u0103 este sursa principal\u0103 de energie, motorul electric contribuind la furnizarea unui impuls, de exemplu \u00een timpul dep\u0103\u0219irilor.\u00a0Dar \u00een traficul urban lent, bateria preia controlul.\u00a0Hibrizii serie-paralel func\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar cu energie electric\u0103, dar numai la viteze mici.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u0219ini hibride plug-in<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

O ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid\u0103 plug-in, adesea numit\u0103 PHEV (vehicul electric hibrid plug-in), este o configura\u021bie modern\u0103 care este mai aproape de o ma\u0219in\u0103 electric\u0103.\u00a0Bateria poate fi \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 de motorul pe benzin\u0103 sau poate fi conectat\u0103 la o surs\u0103 de alimentare extern\u0103, cum ar fi o sta\u021bie de \u00eenc\u0103rcare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bateriile sunt mult mai mari dec\u00e2t \u00een \u200b\u200bcazul hibrizilor standard, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 PHEV-urile pot c\u0103l\u0103tori mai mult doar cu puterea bateriei.\u00a0Hibrizii folosesc o combina\u021bie de benzin\u0103 \u0219i electricitate pentru a alimenta ma\u0219ina.\u00a0Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ard mai pu\u021bin combustibil dec\u00e2t ma\u0219inile normale pe benzin\u0103, deci sunt mai eficiente de rulat.\u00a0Acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 au emisii mai mici de gaze cu efect de ser\u0103, reduc\u00e2nd impozitul pe ma\u0219ini \u0219i avantaj\u00e2nd mediul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, nivelul real de eficien\u021b\u0103 a consumului de conbustibil \u0219i emisiile atinse variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de tipul de hibrid, precum \u0219i de vitez\u0103 \u0219i stilul de condus. Ma\u0219inile folosesc alte tehnologii pentru a cre\u0219te eficien\u021ba consumului de combustibil, cum ar fi transmisia variabil\u0103 continu\u0103 (CTV).\u00a0Aceasta optimizeaz\u0103 automat tura\u021biile motorului \u0219i schimb\u0103rile de vitez\u0103 pentru o eficien\u021b\u0103 maxim\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CE ESTE TEHNOLOGIA STOP-START?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un alt truc pentru eficien\u021ba consumului de combustibil \u00een ma\u0219inile hibride este tehnologia stop-start care permite oprirea motorului pe benzin\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd ma\u0219ina este sta\u021bionat\u0103, economisind combustibil \u00een trafic.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen zilele noastre, ma\u0219inile conven\u021bionale folosesc \u0219i tehnologia oprire-pornire pentru a economisi combustibil, dar nu este nici pe departe la fel de eficient ca \u0219i conducerea unui hibrid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CUM \u00ceNCARC\u0102 MA\u0218INILE HIBRIDE BATERIA?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aceasta depinde de tipul de hibrid.\u00a0Majoritatea, inclusiv seria \u0219i hibridele plug-in, folosesc motorul pe benzin\u0103 pentru a crea electricitate \u0219i a \u00eenc\u0103rca bateria.\u00a0Hibrizii plug-in pot folosi o surs\u0103 electric\u0103 de re\u021bea. Hibrizii paraleli sunt diferi\u021bi deoarece \u00eencarc\u0103 bateria doar prin captarea excesului de energie \u0219i convertirea acesteia \u00een electricitate.\u00a0Excesul de energie care se irose\u0219te atunci c\u00e2nd ma\u0219ina este la ralanti sau decelereaz\u0103 este \u00een schimb stocat\u0103 \u00een baterie pentru utilizare ulterioar\u0103, de exemplu: fr\u00e2nare regenerativ\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcare \u201eregenerativ\u0103\u201d este utilizat\u0103 \u0219i pe alte ma\u0219ini hibride al\u0103turi de motorul pe benzin\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CE ESTE FR\u00c2NAREA REGENERATIV\u0102 LA MA\u0218INILE HIBRIDE?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Fr\u00e2narea regenerativ\u0103 este o metod\u0103 de recuperare a energiei pierdute \u00een timpul fr\u00e2n\u0103rii \u0219i stocarea acesteia sub form\u0103 de energie electric\u0103 \u00een baterie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd ac\u021biona\u021bi fr\u00e2nele \u00een ma\u0219in\u0103, energia cinetic\u0103 care a fost folosit\u0103 pentru a conduce ma\u0219ina \u00eenainte nu mai este necesar\u0103.\u00a0Se risipe\u0219te sub form\u0103 de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00een pl\u0103cu\u021bele de fr\u00e2n\u0103.\u00a0Dar tehnologia de fr\u00e2nare regenerativ\u0103 de pe o ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid\u0103 o poate transforma \u00een electricitate.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Func\u021bioneaz\u0103 astfel: atunci c\u00e2nd ap\u0103sa\u021bi pe accelera\u021bie, bateria ofer\u0103 energie electric\u0103 pentru a \u00eentoarce motorul care \u00eenv\u00e2rte ro\u021bile.\u00a0C\u00e2nd lua\u021bi piciorul de pe accelera\u021bie sau c\u00e2nd ac\u021biona\u021bi fr\u00e2nele, acest proces merge invers. Electricitatea c\u0103tre motor este \u00eentrerupt\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een schimb, ro\u021bile \u00ee\u0219i transfer\u0103 energia cinetic\u0103 c\u0103tre motor, transform\u00e2ndu-l \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentr-un generator pentru a trimite electricitatea \u00eenapoi la baterie. Fr\u00e2narea regenerativ\u0103 nu este ideal\u0103 pentru oprirea brusc\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 to\u021bi hibrizii au \u0219i discuri de fr\u00e2n\u0103 cu frecare standard pentru a opri ma\u0219ina rapid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

DIN CE SUNT F\u0102CUTE BATERIILE HIBRIDE?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Majoritatea hibrizilor folosesc baterii fabricate din nichel-metal-hidrur\u0103 (NiMH), mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t plumbul-acid folosit \u00een bateriile auto normale.\u00a0Dar hibrizii plug-in \u0219i modelele conven\u021bionale mai moderne folosesc baterii litiu-ion (Li-ion).\u00a0Acestea pot re\u021bine mai mult\u0103 energie \u00een acela\u0219i spa\u021biu, cre\u00e2nd o capacitate mai mare a bateriei \u0219i o autonomie mai mare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00c2T REZIST\u0102 O BATERIE DE MA\u0218IN\u0102 HIBRID\u0102?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un mit comun despre ma\u0219inile hibride este c\u0103 bateriile sunt de scurt\u0103 durat\u0103 \u0219i sunt scumpe de \u00eenlocuit.\u00a0Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 o baterie nou\u0103 v\u0103 poate costa \u00een jur de 3000 euro, de\u0219i exist\u0103 \u0219i baterii recondi\u021bionate disponibile pentru mult mai pu\u021bini bani.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dar nevoia de a \u00eenlocui bateriile, este extrem de rar\u0103.\u00a0Toyota vinde Prius cu o garan\u021bie de kilometraj nelimitat de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 11 ani.\u00a0\u0218i \u00een 2011, Consumer Reports a\u00a0testat un Prius de nou\u0103 ani cu peste 200.000 km pe ceas \u0219i a constatat c\u0103 performan\u021ba bateriei era aproape la fel de bun\u0103 ca una nou\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u200b<\/p>\n

ECONOMISIM BANI CU O MA\u0218IN\u0102 HIBRID\u0102?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Merit\u0103 cump\u0103rarea unui autoturism hibrid?\u00a0Ma\u0219ina \u00een sine cost\u0103 mai mult ini\u021bial, dar economise\u0219ti bani pe costurile de func\u021bionare \u0219i are o valoare de rev\u00e2nzare ridicat\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Marea economisire se refer\u0103 la costurile de func\u021bionare, cum ar fi taxa pe combustibil \u0219i auto.\u00a0Dar suma pe care o vei economisi depinde de tipul de condus.\u00a0Hibrizii sunt cei mai eficien\u021bi la consumul de combustibil pentru condusul \u00een ora\u0219, cu viteze mai mici \u0219i multe opriri \u00een trafic.\u00a0Dac\u0103 conduce\u021bi mai ales pe autostr\u0103zi, este posibil ca un hibrid s\u0103 nu v\u0103 economiseasc\u0103 la fel de mult costurile de combustibil.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CE MA\u0218IN\u0102 HIBRID ESTE CEA MAI BUN\u0102?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vehiculele hibride sunt disponibile pentru toate tipurile \u0219i stilurile de caroserie, de la limuzine \u0219i ma\u0219ini de ora\u0219 la SUV-uri \u0219i chiar ma\u0219ini sport.\u00a0Dar alegerea celei mai bune ma\u0219ini hibride depinde de o mul\u021bime de factori, inclusiv de felul de condus.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a> Dac\u0103 locuie\u0219ti \u00eentr-un ora\u0219 sau \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 urban\u0103 \u0219i petreci mult timp st\u00e2nd \u00een trafic, un hibrid de serie este o alegere bun\u0103.\u00a0Hibrizii paraleli sunt mai ieftini \u0219i mai buni pentru cei cu bugete mai mici \u0219i kilometraj anual redus. Dac\u0103 locui\u021bi \u00een centrul ora\u0219ului, c\u0103uta\u021bi un hibrid plug-in sau o serie cu emisii de CO\u2082 foarte sc\u0103zute (mai pu\u021bin de 75 g\/km), deoarece acestea sunt scutite de taxa de congestionare. Hibrizii plug-in se potrivesc persoanelor care locuiesc \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 cu sta\u021bii de \u00eenc\u0103rcare sau fac deplas\u0103ri care pot fi f\u0103cute doar cu alimentarea bateriei.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 dore\u0219ti sa afli mai multe lucruri interesante despre ma\u0219ini te invit pe blogul<\/a> nostru.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Una dintre primele ma\u0219ini hibride produse \u00een mas\u0103 din lume, Prius, \u00eenc\u0103 stabile\u0219te reperul pentru ma\u0219inile viitorului.\u00a0Cu faruri cu ochi de vultur care \u00eendreapt\u0103 capetele \u0219i un interior spa\u021bios pentru o c\u0103l\u0103torie mai lung\u0103, cea mai recent\u0103 Toyota Prius Hybrid continu\u0103 s\u0103\u00a0dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103\u00a0limitele. Motorul s\u0103u pe benzin\u0103 de 1,8 l \u0219i motorul electric produc \u00eempreun\u0103 168 CP \u0219i promite acelea\u0219i costuri de func\u021bionare \u0219i emisii pierdute ca \u00eenainte.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3396,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-auto"],"yoast_head":"\nMa\u0219ina hibrid - Ce este o ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid? - Service Premium AutoChelu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ma\u0219ina hibrid a fost inventat\u0103 de Jacob Lohner \u0219i Ferdinand Porsche \u00een 1900. 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