{"id":3248,"date":"2022-01-04T16:02:56","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T14:02:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/?p=3248"},"modified":"2022-01-04T16:02:56","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T14:02:56","slug":"numarul-si-dispunerea-cilindrilor-motorului-cati-cilindri-din-motor-sunt-optimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/numarul-si-dispunerea-cilindrilor-motorului-cati-cilindri-din-motor-sunt-optimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Num\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor motorului – C\u00e2\u021bi cilindri din motor sunt optimi?"},"content":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\"Numarul<\/p>\n

Numarul si dispunerea cilindrilor<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2\u021bi cilindri sunt optimi?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Num\u0103rul de cilindri din motoarele auto variaz\u0103 de la doi la 12 (sau chiar 16), deci este logic s\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eentreba\u021bi cum este definit num\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 a\u021bi avut ocazia s\u0103 tunde\u021bi iarba cu o ma\u0219in\u0103 de tuns pe benzin\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 fi observat c\u0103 ma\u0219ina de tuns vibreaz\u0103 puternic.\u00a0Nu este de mirare, motorul este monocilindric, nu exist\u0103 volant, ci o elice de tuns \u0219i niciun sistem de echilibrare.\u00a0Vibra\u021biile sunt inevitabile.\u00a0Totu\u0219i, ma\u0219ina pe care o conduce\u021bi este mult mai silen\u021bioas\u0103.\u00a0Are patru, poate cinci, \u0219ase sau cine \u0219tie c\u00e2\u021bi cilindri.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=”3250″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]\n

Volumul unui cilindru este definit de diametrul cilindrului \u0219i cursa pistonului, iar prin ad\u0103ugarea volumelor tuturor cilindrilor ob\u021binem volumul \u00eentregului motor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De ce at\u00e2t de mult?\u00a0Care este configura\u021bia lor?\u00a0Cine a determinat-o?\u00a0De ce?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Volumul unui cilindru este definit de diametrul cilindrului \u0219i cursa pistonului, iar prin ad\u0103ugarea volumelor tuturor cilindrilor ob\u021binem volumul \u00eentregului motor.\u00a0Teoretic este posibil ca un motor pentru aceea\u0219i cilindrare s\u0103 aib\u0103 un singur cilindru mare sau un num\u0103r mai mare de cilindri mai mici.\u00a0Ce versiune este mai bun\u0103 \u0219i de ce?\u00a0\u00centruc\u00e2t vorbim (cel mai adesea) despre un motor \u00een patru timpi, versiunea cu un singur cilindru va avea o singur\u0103 curs\u0103 la fiecare dou\u0103 rota\u021bii ale arborelui cotit.\u00a0Deoarece motorul consum\u0103 energie (sau energie cinetic\u0103) la celelalte trei curse, este necesar s\u0103-l acumulezi \u00een timpul cursei de lucru \u0219i s\u0103-l eliberezi \u00een celelalte trei.\u00a0\u00cen acest scop, se folose\u0219te o volant\u0103 a c\u0103rei mas\u0103 este mai mare cu c\u00e2t este mai mic num\u0103rul de cilindri \u0219i \u00een ciuda unei volante mari.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu c\u00e2t num\u0103rul cilindrilor este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t func\u021bionarea motorului este mai uniform\u0103 (de\u0219i aici exist\u0103 excep\u021bii, acest fapt poate fi luat ca regul\u0103).\u00a0Motoarele cu un num\u0103r mai mare de cilindri au nevoie de volante mai mici, iar echilibrul ideal este un motor cu 12 cilindri al c\u0103rui program de aprindere este optim.\u00a0De regul\u0103, motoarele cu mai mul\u021bi cilindri sunt ac\u021bionate \u00een configura\u021bia V pentru a reduce lungimea lor.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=”3251″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]\n

Idealul echilibrului este un motor cu 12 cilindri a c\u0103rui sincronizare a aprinderii este optim\u0103<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, cel mai important factor \u00een a determina num\u0103rul si dispunerea cilindrilor este volumul individual al fiec\u0103rui cilindru, care este desigur egal. C\u00e2nd dimensiunea cilindrului scade, volumul s\u0103u scade mai repede dec\u00e2t suprafa\u021ba sa, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 se pierde mai mult\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 de ardere prin suprafa\u021ba mai mare a pere\u021bilor cilindrului, care se \u00eendreapt\u0103 c\u0103tre lichidul de r\u0103cire \u0219i mediul \u00een loc s\u0103 contribuie la expansiunea gazului \u0219i la \u00eempingerea pistonului.Un volum de 200 cmc pe cilindru este considerat a fi minimul pentru o eficien\u021b\u0103 termic\u0103 \u0219i mecanic\u0103 acceptabil\u0103, \u00een timp ce este de dorit s\u0103 ave\u021bi peste 300 cmc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pe de alt\u0103 parte, un volum foarte mare de cilindri ar provoca probleme cu arderea, deoarece \u00eentr-un spa\u021biu mare, combustibilul nu arde suficient de repede.\u00a0Dac\u0103 cilindrul ar avea un diametru mic \u0219i o curs\u0103 foarte mare, ar provoca pierderi mecanice de frecare foarte mari, ceea ce din nou nu este acceptabil, iar ast\u0103zi exist\u0103 o versiune standard \u201ep\u0103trat\u0103\u201d \u00een care diametrul \u0219i cursa pistonului sunt aproximativ la fel.\u00a0Volumul cilindrilor de peste 800 cmc sau peste 100 mm \u00een diametru nu este recomandat.\u00a0Pentru un calcul mai u\u0219or, doar faptul c\u0103 un motor p\u0103trat cu un diametru (\u0219i curs\u0103) de 86 mm cu patru cilindri are exact doi litri (1,998 cmc), \u00een timp ce \u0219ase astfel de cilindri dau trei litri \u0219i opt cilindri dau patru litri. Prin urmare, nu este o coinciden\u021b\u0103 faptul c\u0103 majoritatea motoarelor V10 au aproximativ cinci litri.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103, desigur, excep\u021bii, \u00een special \u00een America, unde motoarele au volume individuale mai mari, dar de regul\u0103, acestea sunt motoare cu tura\u021bii de rota\u021bie mai mici dec\u00e2t \u00een \u200b\u200bEuropa.\u00a0Acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 motoarele de aproximativ un litru \u0219i mai pu\u021bin au trei cilindri \u00een mod regulat din aceste motive.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=”3252″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]\n

Un volum de 200 cm\u00b3 pe cilindru este considerat a fi un minim pentru o eficien\u021b\u0103 termic\u0103 \u0219i mecanic\u0103 acceptabil\u0103, \u00een timp ce de preferin\u021b\u0103 este mai mare de 300 cm\u00b3.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een motor?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pistonul se deplaseaz\u0103 \u00een sus, ajunge la GMT \u0219i revine \u00eenapoi la DMT \u0219i apoi \u00een sus.\u00a0Tija pistonului se leag\u0103n\u0103 de la st\u00e2nga la dreapta, arborele cotit se rote\u0219te.\u00a0Pistonul are o anumit\u0103 mas\u0103, iar tija pistonului o \u00eenso\u021be\u0219te. Mi\u0219carea este accelerat\u0103 tot timpul, adic\u0103 viteza pistonului nu este niciodat\u0103 constant\u0103. Deci are o for\u021b\u0103 iner\u021bial\u0103 care se schimb\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bie \u0219i cantitate.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aceasta este o surs\u0103 de vibra\u021bii de la motorul nostru pornind de la cositoare.\u00a0Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 am lua dou\u0103 pistoane egale \u0219i le-am regla astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd unul urc\u0103, cel\u0103lalt coboar\u0103?\u00a0Atunci for\u021bele lor iner\u021biale s-ar anula \u00een interiorul motorului \u0219i ar func\u021biona \u00eenc\u0103, nu-i a\u0219a?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 avem doi cilindri, atunci ceasul de aprindere se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla de dou\u0103 ori mai des (v\u0103zut la nivelul motorului), adic\u0103 fiecare arbore cotit se \u00eenv\u00e2rte la 360\u00b0.\u00a0Ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ambele pistoane merg \u00een sus \u0219i \u00een jos \u00een acela\u0219i timp.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ei bine, s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m un alt cilindru.\u00a0Decalajul de aprindere merge \u00een direc\u021bia corect\u0103, fiecare curs\u0103 separ\u00e2nd arborele cotit la 240\u00b0.\u00a0Privind \u00eenainte, arborele cotit arat\u0103 ca o stea Mercedes.\u00a0C\u00e2nd toate for\u021bele sunt luate \u00een considerare acum, ele sunt echilibrate.\u00a0Motorul nostru nu sare ca un nebun \u00een sus \u0219i \u00een jos, dar se leag\u0103n\u0103 la st\u00e2nga \u0219i la dreapta.\u00a0Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 acum?<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=”3253″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]\n

Exploziile din microbii oscilan\u021bi ai cilindrilor, bielele \u0219i arborele cotit sunt sursa vibra\u021biilor<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Momentul acestor for\u021be iner\u021biale nu este echilibrat.\u00a0Poate fi aliniat cu un arbore special pe care vor exista greut\u0103\u021bi care s\u0103 corespund\u0103 cu for\u021bele de iner\u021bie ale pistoanelor \u0219i arborele respectiv trebuie s\u0103 se roteasc\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bia opus\u0103 a arborelui cotit cu aceea\u0219i vitez\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Deci, de ce s\u0103 nu ad\u0103uga\u021bi un alt cilindru?\u00a0Oricum, 85% dintre motoare au o astfel de configura\u021bie.\u00a0Distan\u021ba de aprindere este acum exact de 180\u00b0.\u00a0Doi cilindri urc\u0103, doi coboar\u0103.\u00a0Las\u0103-le pe cele exterioare s\u0103 urce, las\u0103 pe cele interioare s\u0103 coboare!\u00a0For\u021bele iner\u021biale sunt echilibrate, la fel \u0219i momentul lor.\u00a0Totul minunat? Nu chiar.\u00a0Natura ne-a l\u0103sat cu o alt\u0103 capcan\u0103;\u00a0c\u00e2nd aceste for\u021be sunt descrise prin suma ordinii, se ob\u021bine primul termen (reprezent\u00e2nd for\u021bele primului ordin) \u0219i al doilea (aproximativ 30% din ordinul de m\u0103rime al celui de-al doilea, o for\u021b\u0103 de ordinul doi ac\u021bion\u00e2nd la de dou\u0103 ori mai frecvent\u0103).\u00a0For\u021bele de ordinul doi se uit\u0103 \u00een sus \u00een acela\u0219i timp, a\u0219a c\u0103 mai jos, motorul nostru nu mai este at\u00e2t de frumos echilibrat pe c\u00e2t am crezut.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0218i asta poate fi rezolvat;\u00a0doi arbori care se rotesc \u00een direc\u021bii opuse de dou\u0103 ori mai repede dec\u00e2t arborele cotit \u00eel vor anula \u0219i el.\u00a0Astfel de solu\u021bii sunt destul de rare, dar nu inexistente.\u00a0Este aproape exclusiv un motor de doi litri sau mai mare care echilibreaz\u0103 perfect.\u00a0Dar aceast\u0103 complica\u021bie cu arborii suplimentari nu arat\u0103 foarte frumos \u0219i consum\u0103 energie.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=”3254″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]\n

Doi arbori care se rotesc \u00een direc\u021bii opuse de dou\u0103 ori mai repede dec\u00e2t arborele cotit vor anula vibra\u021biile \u0219i vor echilibra motorul<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Urm\u0103torul pas este s\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi \u00eenc\u0103 doi cilindri.\u00a0\u0218ase obi\u0219nuite.\u00a0E bine.\u00a0Toate for\u021bele \u0219i momentele iner\u021biale sunt echilibrate.\u00a0Nu e de mirare c\u0103 BMW jur\u0103 o astfel de configura\u021bie.\u00a0Totu\u0219i, un astfel de motor este lung.\u00a0De aceea, a\u0219az\u0103 ni\u0219te cilindri \u00een aranjamentul V.\u00a0\u0218i acum vine \u00eentrebarea crucial\u0103:\u00a0care este unghiul dintre cilindri?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0218coala spune: 120\u00b0 asigur\u0103 o distan\u021b\u0103 uniform\u0103 a aprinderii.\u00a0Ei bine, asta este prea larg.\u00a0De aceea se face de obicei \u00een 60\u00b0.\u00a0Apoi, arborele cotit este rupt, dar totul este \u00een echilibru.\u00a0Dac\u0103 unghiul este de 90\u00b0, atunci for\u021bele de ordinul \u00eent\u00e2i nu sunt echilibrate, deci se adaug\u0103 un arbore de echilibrare.\u00a0V90 de 8\u00b0 este un exemplu \u0219colar de motor care nu face absolut nimic.\u00a0For\u021ba, cuplul, distan\u021ba de aprindere.\u00a0V10 necesit\u0103 un unghi de 72\u00b0 (distan\u021b\u0103 de aprindere egal\u0103), unghiul V12 de 60\u00b0.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au mai r\u0103mas boxeri.\u00a0Cu ele, unghiul dintre cilindri este de 180\u00b0, dar pistoanele nu merg \u00een aceea\u0219i direc\u021bie ca la motorul \u00een V, ci \u00een direc\u021bia opus\u0103.\u00a0Consecin\u021b\u0103: patru cilindri au for\u021be iner\u021biale echilibrate, dar nu au momente.\u00a0La boxerii cu \u0219ase cilindri,\u00a0totul este \u00een echilibru.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 \u021bi-a pl\u0103cut acest articol \u0219i te-a ajutat s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi cum este definit num\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor te invit la noi pe blog<\/a> pentru a citi mai multe articole.<\/span><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Num\u0103rul de cilindri din motoarele auto variaz\u0103 de la doi la 12 (sau chiar 16), deci este logic s\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eentreba\u021bi cum este definit num\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor.
\nDac\u0103 a\u021bi avut ocazia s\u0103 tunde\u021bi iarba cu o ma\u0219in\u0103 de tuns pe benzin\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 fi observat c\u0103 ma\u0219ina de tuns vibreaz\u0103 puternic.\u00a0Nu este de mirare, motorul este monocilindric, nu exist\u0103 volant, ci o elice de tuns \u0219i niciun sistem de echilibrare.\u00a0Vibra\u021biile sunt inevitabile.\u00a0Totu\u0219i, ma\u0219ina pe care o conduce\u021bi este mult mai silen\u021bioas\u0103.\u00a0Are patru, poate cinci, \u0219ase sau cine \u0219tie c\u00e2\u021bi cilindri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3249,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-auto"],"yoast_head":"\nNum\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor - Service Premium AutoChelu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Num\u0103rul de cilindri din motoare variaz\u0103 de la doi la 12, deci este logic s\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eentreba\u021bi cum este definit num\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/numarul-si-dispunerea-cilindrilor-motorului-cati-cilindri-din-motor-sunt-optimi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Num\u0103rul \u0219i dispunerea cilindrilor - 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