{"id":2088,"date":"2021-10-20T14:13:41","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T12:13:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/?p=2088"},"modified":"2021-11-05T15:49:59","modified_gmt":"2021-11-05T13:49:59","slug":"istoria-autoturismelor-hybrid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/istoria-autoturismelor-hybrid\/","title":{"rendered":"Istoria autoturismelor hybrid"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Istoria<\/p>\n

Istoria autoturismelor hybrid<\/span><\/p>\n

Toyota Prius<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1997) este considerat primul hybrid, dar belgianul <\/span><\/span><\/span>Henry<\/span><\/span><\/span> Pieper \u00eel avea \u00een anul 1899.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"P\u00e2n\u0103 de cur\u00e2nd, am folosit termenul \u201ehibrid\u201d, pe care l-am putea traduce literal din latin\u0103 prin \u201emixt\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Toyota<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, care a pus bazele tendin\u021bei odat\u0103 cu introducerea primului <\/span><\/span><\/span>Prius <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00een 1997 \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 conduce \u00een num\u0103rul de modele \u0219i v\u00e2nz\u0103ri.\u00a0Peste 9.000.000 de hibrizi s-au v\u00e2ndut \u00een toat\u0103 lumea din 1997, dintre care 7 milioane sunt modele <\/span><\/span><\/span>Toyota<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u00a0Dar este mult mai pu\u021bin cunoscut faptul c\u0103 \u00een momentul prezent\u0103rii modelului <\/span><\/span><\/span>Prius<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, mai erau doar doi ani p\u00e2n\u0103 la s\u0103rb\u0103torirea a 100 de ani de la prima ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid, tehnologia a existat de mult timp, cu excep\u021bia faptului c\u0103 toate condi\u021biile pentru crearea ma\u0219inilor hibrid cu adev\u0103rat de succes nu au fost create.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Istoria autoturismelor hybrid – \u00cenainte de a v\u0103 povesti pe scurt aceast\u0103 istorie uitat\u0103 a ma\u0219inilor hibride, s\u0103 explic\u0103m pe scurt despre ce este vorba. Un propulsor hibrid este o combina\u021bie de motor cu ardere intern\u0103 (benzin\u0103 sau diesel) \u0219i electric. Este util, deoarece ma\u0219ina folose\u0219te \u00een principal o cantitate mic\u0103 de energie \u0219i doar ocazional \u00eentreaga energie de propulsare. Acest lucru este r\u0103u pentru echilibrul energetic, deoarece reduce eficien\u021ba \u0219i cre\u0219te rezisten\u021ba (masa mai mare, rezisten\u021ba la frecare \u0219i pierderile de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u0219i aerodinamica mai proast\u0103 datorit\u0103 motorului mai mare). Atunci c\u00e2nd este combinat cu un motor electric, acesta poate fi mai mic \u0219i mai slab, dar totu\u0219i suficient pentru o conducere normal\u0103 \u0219i, cu accelera\u021bie \u0219i urc\u0103ri mai mari, se folose\u0219te impulsul de conducere de la motorul electric.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Primele vehicule hibride au fost construite \u00een \u021b\u0103ri pe care nu le consider\u0103m ca fiind superputerile industriei auto de ast\u0103zi, Belgia\u00a0\u0219i Austria.\u00a0Majoritatea surselor citeaz\u0103 Lohner-Porsche, una dintre primele construc\u021bii ale ingeniosului Ferdinand Porsche din 1901 ca fiind primul hibrid, \u00eens\u0103 mica fabric\u0103 belgian\u0103 Pieper \u0219i-a prezentat modelul cu doi ani mai devreme.\u00a0\u00cen timpul condusului normal, motorul pe benzin\u0103 re\u00eencarc\u0103 bateriile \u0219i, la solicit\u0103ri mai mari, cum ar fi urcarea, ambele motoare au func\u021bionat \u00eempreun\u0103.\u00a0Problema maselor mari de baterii nu a fost rezolvat\u0103 \u00een mod satisf\u0103c\u0103tor \u0219i ambele fabrici s-au concentrat \u00een primul r\u00e2nd pe camioane \u0219i autobuze.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Henry Pieper (1840-1898), inventatorul \u0219i produc\u0103torul de arme cu r\u0103d\u0103cini germane de la Herstal, \u00een Belgia, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 lucreze la o ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din 1895, pe care fiul s\u0103u Nicolas o va finaliza \u00een 1899, cu doi ani \u00eenainte de <\/span><\/span><\/span>Porsche<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>!\u00a0Produc\u021bia m\u0103rcii Pieper a r\u0103mas fidel\u0103 modelelor electrice \u0219i pe benzin\u0103, dar conform brevetelor Pieper din 1906, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 func\u021bioneze un nou brand, numit destul de confuz Auto-Mixte, de\u0219i nu avea nicio leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu modelul Lohner-Porsche numitul Mixte.\u00a0Tehnologia hibrid\u0103 era mai potrivit\u0103 pentru camioane, care formau coloana vertebral\u0103 a produc\u021biei, dar p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul produc\u021biei, \u00een 1912, au fost oferite \u0219i autoturisme.\u00a0Auto-Mixte a produs relativ pu\u021bine ma\u0219ini, cu probleme de greutate \u0219i pre\u021b, iar din 1911, au fost v\u00e2ndute sub marca Pescatore, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd au fost preluate de renumita fabric\u0103 Imperia.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, cu mult \u00eenainte de <\/span><\/span><\/span>Volkswagen<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, a \u00eencredin\u021bat lumii inova\u021bii \u00eendr\u0103zne\u021be pentru fabrica Ludwig Lohner.\u00a0El a construit pentru prima dat\u0103 o ma\u0219in\u0103 electric\u0103 \u00een 1900, cu motoare electrice montate pe ro\u021bile din fa\u021b\u0103, care urmau s\u0103 fie produse \u00een aproximativ 65 de exemplare, iar \u00een acela\u0219i an a fost urmat de un model monstruos de curse cu 1,8 tone de baterii \u0219i motoare electrice pe toate ro\u021bile.\u00a0A fost prima ma\u0219in\u0103 cu trac\u021biune integral\u0103, dar \u0219i cu fr\u00e2ne integrale!\u00a0Un an mai t\u00e2rziu, a sosit hibridul Semper Vivus cu dou\u0103 motoare pe benzin\u0103 \u0219i dou\u0103 electrice, iar conceptul a fost p\u0103strat \u00een modelul serial Mixte, realizat \u00een patru buc\u0103\u021bi, al\u0103turi de rafin\u0103ri constante \u0219i lupta pentru reducerea greut\u0103\u021bii bateriei. Exist\u0103 o replic\u0103 \u00een Muzeul Porsche, \u00een timp ce modelul de serie aminte\u0219te de primul <\/span><\/span><\/span>Mercedes<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00een design.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dezvoltarea s-a mutat \u00een SUA, unde Woods Motor Vehicle Company din Chicago \u0219i Owen Magnetic, care au schimbat loca\u021bia produc\u021biei de mai multe ori, au oferit ma\u0219ini hibride destul de utilizabile, dar foarte scumpe. Fascinantul brevet al transmisiei electromagnetice a lui Justus B. Eltz a \u00eenlocuit volanta motorului pe benzin\u0103 cu un generator \u0219i un magnet, iar cu ajutorul unui motor electric a mutat ro\u021bile. Owen Magnetic a produs aproximativ 700 de ma\u0219ini de lux \u00eentre anii 1915 \u0219i 1922,<\/span><\/span><\/span> care au r\u0103mas f\u0103r\u0103 succesori din cauza pre\u021bului ridicat \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binerea extrem de complicat\u0103. Enrico Caruso a avut un exemplar \u0219i chiar Jay Leno.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Istoria autoturismelor hybrid – Bine\u00een\u021beles, internetul este plin de teorii ale conspira\u021biei \u0219i mul\u021bi sunt convin\u0219i c\u0103 ma\u0219inile cu abur, electrice \u0219i hibride au e\u0219uat din cauza unei conspira\u021bii a lobby-ului autopetrol, dar adev\u0103rul este mult mai simplu. Henry Ford a stabilit standardele, a redus produc\u021bia de ma\u0219ini \u0219i a produs Modelul T \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi at\u00e2t de mari \u00eenc\u00e2t s-a dezvoltat \u00een \u00eentreaga lume o infrastructur\u0103 de activit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i servicii de sprijin pentru ma\u0219inile pe benzin\u0103. Toate celelalte au trebuit s\u0103 dispar\u0103, erau prea scumpe, complicate sau dep\u0103\u0219ite, pentru c\u0103 nu mai existau investitori dispu\u0219i s\u0103 investeasc\u0103 \u00een dezvoltarea a ceva care era deja perceput ca o fund\u0103tur\u0103. Prin urmare, din anii 1920, \u00een lumea hibrizilor, \u00eenregistr\u0103m \u00een mare parte prototipuri \u0219i vise nerealizate. Una dintre cele mai interesante este cu siguran\u021b\u0103 Arbelul francez din 1951, cu un motor cu patru cilindri care alimenta patru motoare electrice ad\u0103postite \u00een ro\u021bi, iar \u00eentr-o versiune ulterioar\u0103 \u00een loc de un hibrid a fost conceput, din fericire nerealizat – propulsie nuclear\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Produc\u0103torii mari au fost implica\u021bi \u00een dezvoltare de la mijlocul anilor 1960, iar rezultatul cheie a fost un sistem de fr\u00e2nare regenerativ\u0103, brevetat \u0219i introdus \u00een 1967 la Amitron, un prototip al American Motors Corporation.\u00a0\u00cen anii 1960, c\u00e2teva concepte hibride interesante au ap\u0103rut \u00een Statele Unite.\u00a0General Motors a introdus XP-1965H, iar patru ani mai t\u00e2rziu, XP-883.\u00a0AMC Amitron din 1967 se remarc\u0103 prin brevetul s\u0103u de fr\u00e2nare regenerativ\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Volkswagen<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> a transformat legendara camionet\u0103 T2 \u00eentr-un taxi hibrid, sacrific\u00e2nd scaunul pasagerului, spa\u021biul de sub scaunul pasagerului \u0219i o parte a portbagajului pentru a depozita bateriile – dimensiunea \u0219i greutatea erau \u00eenc\u0103 o mare problem\u0103.\u00a0Unele dintre prototipuri au fost foarte atractive, cu nume mari de design precum Richard Teague.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1997, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Toyota<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0219i <\/span><\/span><\/span>Audi<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> s-au aventurat \u00een comercializare, cu rezultate radical diferite.\u00a0Doar o sut\u0103 de exemplare ale Duo-ului au reu\u0219it s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Audi<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, aleg\u00e2nd abordarea gre\u0219it\u0103 a unui drive hibrid \u00eentr-o ma\u0219in\u0103 care ar\u0103ta ca o unitate tradi\u021bional\u0103.\u00a0Japonezii \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 noua tehnologie trebuie promovat\u0103 printr-un design nou \u0219i \u00eendr\u0103zne\u021b, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t at\u00e2t <\/span><\/span><\/span>Prius<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, c\u00e2t \u0219i <\/span><\/span><\/span>Honda Insight<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> din 1999 ar\u0103tau diferit de orice altceva de pe pia\u021b\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Istoria autoturismelor hybrid – Aproape dou\u0103 decenii mai t\u00e2rziu, hibrizii de\u021bin o parte mic\u0103, dar semnificativ\u0103 a pie\u021bei \u0219i sunt oferite de mul\u021bi produc\u0103tori, \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 cre\u0219terea masei \u0219i a pre\u021burilor nu este niciodat\u0103 complet rezolvat\u0103. Stimulentele agresive ale guvernului au f\u0103cut din Japonia cea mai mare pia\u021b\u0103 de vehicule hibride din lume.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a> Dezvoltarea vehiculelor hibride care au un motor diesel \u00een loc de unul pe benzin\u0103 a r\u0103mas mult \u00een urm\u0103, dar ast\u0103zi <\/span><\/span><\/span>Peugeot<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Citro\u00ebn<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Volkswagen<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Mercedes-Benz<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Volvo<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> sunt deja oferite \u0219i ne a\u0219tept\u0103m \u0219i la alte m\u0103rci,\u00a0dar costul dezvolt\u0103rii unei unit\u0103\u021bi hibride este principalul motiv al decalajului produc\u0103torului, indiferent dac\u0103 trebuie combinat cu un motor pe benzin\u0103 sau diesel.\u00a0Dac\u0103 pre\u021bul nu este o problem\u0103?\u00a0\u00cen acest caz, ve\u021bi acoperi cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 costurile de dezvoltare, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t autovehiculele moderne s\u0103 aib\u0103 o unitate hibrid\u0103.\u00a0Exemple clasice sunt la <\/span><\/span><\/span>Ferrari<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>McLaren P1<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0219i <\/span><\/span><\/span>Koenigsegg Reger<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Porsche 918 Spyder<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> ob\u021bine p\u00e2n\u0103 la 279 CP din totalul de 887 CP de la dou\u0103 motoare electrice, dar este neobi\u0219nuit ca versiunea sa de curse a RSR s\u0103 utilizeze KERS mecanic, cunoscut de noi din Formula 1. Este vorba despre stocarea energiei ob\u021binute \u00een condensatori,\u00a0dar Williams a dezvoltat un sistem de bobine care a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie folosit \u00een autobuze.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Ferrari<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> a introdus o versiune experimental\u0103 a GTB 2009 cu KERS \u00een 2010, iar <\/span><\/span><\/span>Mazda<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> a f\u0103cut un pas mai departe \u0219i a \u00eencorporat o versiune numit\u0103 i-ELOOP \u00een modelele seriale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Istoria autoturismelor hybrid – Conceptul de vehicule hibride care sunt \u00eenc\u0103rcate la o priz\u0103 extern\u0103 devine tot mai frecvent, fie c\u0103 este vorba de sta\u021bii speciale de \u00eenc\u0103rcare sau electricitate obi\u0219nuit\u0103 pentru gospod\u0103rii. \u00cenainte de toate brandurile celebre, hibridul plug-in a fost lansat pentru v\u00e2nzare obi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u00een afara \u021b\u0103rii de origine de c\u0103tre necunoscutul chinez BYD Auto \u0219i este modelul F3DM, ale c\u0103rui livr\u0103ri \u00een China au \u00eenceput la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2008. Frumosul <\/span><\/span><\/span>BMW i8<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> este cel mai faimos reprezentant al acestei noi genera\u021bii de hibrizi plug-in \u0219i, dup\u0103 mul\u021bi, este un concept interesant care reprezint\u0103 viitorul ma\u0219inilor sport.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u00e2n\u0103 de cur\u00e2nd, am folosit termenul \u201ehibrid\u201d, pe care l-am putea traduce literal din latin\u0103 prin \u201emixt\u201d. Toyota, care a pus bazele tendin\u021bei odat\u0103 cu introducerea primului Prius \u00een 1997 \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 conduce \u00een num\u0103rul de modele \u0219i v\u00e2nz\u0103ri.\u00a0Peste 9.000.000 de hibrizi s-au v\u00e2ndut \u00een toat\u0103 lumea din 1997, dintre care 7 milioane sunt modele Toyota.\u00a0Dar este mult mai pu\u021bin cunoscut faptul c\u0103 \u00een momentul prezent\u0103rii modelului Prius, mai erau doar doi ani p\u00e2n\u0103 la s\u0103rb\u0103torirea a 100 de ani de la prima ma\u0219in\u0103 hibrid, tehnologia a existat de mult timp, cu excep\u021bia faptului c\u0103 toate condi\u021biile pentru crearea ma\u0219inilor hibrid cu adev\u0103rat de succes nu au fost create.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2089,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2088","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-auto"],"yoast_head":"\nIstoria autoturismelor hybrid - 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