{"id":2065,"date":"2021-10-20T12:58:18","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T10:58:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/?p=2065"},"modified":"2021-10-20T12:58:18","modified_gmt":"2021-10-20T10:58:18","slug":"ce-face-un-catalizator-si-ce-probleme-provoaca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autochelu.ro\/blog\/ce-face-un-catalizator-si-ce-probleme-provoaca\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce face un catalizator \u0219i ce probleme provoac\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Catalizator<\/span><\/p>\n

Convertizoarele catalitice au fost o parte inevitabil\u0103 a sistemului de evacuare a fiec\u0103rui vehicul nou \u00een ultimii zece ani.\u00a0Motivul const\u0103 \u00een standardele de mediu prescrise pentru compozi\u021bia gazelor de e\u0219apament pe care vehiculele trebuie s\u0103 le \u00eendeplineasc\u0103.\u00a0Motivele e\u0219ecului catalizatorului \u0219i cauzele acestora sunt explicate mai detaliat \u00een acest articol.\u00a0Au fost de asemenea r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentreb\u0103rile frecvente despre func\u021bionarea catalizatorului.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Autovehiculele provoac\u0103 poluarea aerului cu gazele de e\u0219apament din sistemul de e\u0219apament.\u00a0Gazele nocive sunt cel mai adesea cauzate de o ardere incomplet\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biul cilindrilor.\u00a0Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 ap\u0103 (H20) \u0219i dioxid de carbon (CO2), evacuarea con\u021bine urm\u0103toarele gaze:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CO<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0– gaz toxic f\u0103r\u0103 culoare \u0219i miros.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>HC<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0– hidrocarburi nearse care contribuie la formarea de smog.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>NOx<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0– oxizi de azot activi \u00een formarea ploilor acide.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Catalizatorii elimin\u0103 prezen\u021ba gazelor enumerate \u00een gazele de e\u0219apament, transform\u00e2ndu-le \u00een gaze relativ inofensive, cum ar fi apa \u0219i dioxidul de carbon.\u00a0Prin urmare, le numim \u0219i catalizatori \u00een trei etape.
\nUtilizarea catalizatorilor este cea mai eficient\u0103 metod\u0103 de eliminare a gazelor d\u0103un\u0103toare, iar eficien\u021ba acestora este de aproximativ 90%.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Catalizatorul atinge func\u021bionalitate maxim\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd motorul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu un raport combustibil – aer \u00een amestec \u00eentr-un raport stoichiometric de 14,7: 1 (factor lambda = 1) – sau cu 1 gram de combustibil la 14,7 grame de aer.\u00a0Apoi, raportul dintre aer \u0219i combustibil este astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t fiecare molecul\u0103 de combustibil poate fi combinat\u0103 cu molecula corespunz\u0103toare de oxigen din aer, adic\u0103 se reduce posibilitatea apari\u021biei gazelor nearse \u00een gazele de e\u0219apament.\u00a0De asemenea, reduce posibilitatea apari\u021biei excesului de molecule de oxigen care se combin\u0103 cu azotul din aer la temperaturi \u0219i presiuni ridicate \u00een timpul procesului de ardere \u0219i creeaz\u0103 oxizi de azot d\u0103un\u0103tori.
\nRaportul stoichiometric dintre aer \u0219i combustibil este men\u021binut de circuitul de control \u00een care particip\u0103 sonda lambda\u00a0\u0219i unitatea de control ECU.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

NOT\u0102: factorul lambda \u00een timpul func\u021bion\u0103rii motorului diesel \u0219i al motorului otto cu injec\u021bie direct\u0103 \u00een cilindru (<\/span><\/span><\/span>motoarele Volkswagen, Audi, BMW, Mercedes<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>) sunt mult mai mari dec\u00e2t unul \u00een majoritatea lucr\u0103rilor, iar catalizatorii pentru astfel de motoare difer\u0103 prin construc\u021bie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen func\u021bie de factorul lambda citit de sondele lambda, computerul central controleaz\u0103 cantitatea de combustibil injectat\u0103 \u00een conducta de admisie \u0219i men\u021bine raportul stoichiometric necesar combustibil – aer necesar pentru performan\u021ba maxim\u0103 a catalizatorului.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Convertorul catalitic este \u00eentotdeauna a\u0219ezat mai aproape de motor pentru a reduce timpul de \u00eenc\u0103lzire la temperatura de func\u021bionare necesar\u0103 (250 – 270\u00b0 C min).\u00a0Doar la aceste temperaturi, \u00eencep reac\u021biile chimice din nucleul activ.
\nCatalizatorii se disting prin materialul din care este realizat nucleul sau monolitul catalizatorului activ.\u00a0Exist\u0103 dou\u0103 tipuri de catalizatori miez activ \u0219i, \u00een func\u021bie de ace\u0219tia, catalizatorii sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi \u00een:
\nMETAL – miez de metal acoperit cu un strat activ.
\nCERAMIC – miez de ceramic\u0103 acoperit cu un strat activ.
\nCatalizatorii metalici sunt de o calitate mai bun\u0103, sunt mai rezisten\u021bi la \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103turile de c\u0103ldur\u0103, creeaz\u0103 o rezisten\u021b\u0103 mai mic\u0103 la trecerea gazelor de e\u0219apament, dar sunt \u0219i mai scumpe.\u00a0Suprafa\u021ba activ\u0103 este acoperit\u0103 cu un strat sub\u021bire de platin\u0103, rodiu sau paladiu care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca ni\u0219te catalizatori \u00een reac\u021biile chimice.\u00a0Monolitul este sudat pe structura portant\u0103, fiind mai rezistent la daune fizice.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Catalizatorii ceramici sunt mai pu\u021bin costisitori \u0219i se g\u0103sesc pe majoritatea vehiculelor mai mici ca ni\u0219te convertoare catalitice standard.\u00a0Monolitul este fragil \u0219i sensibil la \u0219oc \u0219i, prin urmare, este \u00eenf\u0103\u0219urat \u00eentr-o teac\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u0219i introdus \u00een carcasa metalic\u0103 a catalizatorului.\u00a0Suprafa\u021ba activ\u0103 este acoperit\u0103 cu elemente active (AlMg – silicat).\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 multe motive pentru e\u0219ecul catalizatorului.\u00a0Este extrem de important ca motivul anul\u0103rii convertorului catalitic s\u0103 fie identificat la \u00eenlocuirea convertorului catalitic pentru a evita o defec\u021biune accelerat\u0103 a convertorului catalitic de schimb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Deteriorarea fizic\u0103 a catalizatorului<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Impacturile puternice asupra carcasei catalizatorului pot provoca deteriorarea monolitului ceramic.\u00a0Monolitul ceramic se poate rupe \u0219i, purtat de gazele de e\u0219apament, poate fi \u00eenfundat \u00een p\u0103r\u021bile din spate ale sistemului de e\u0219apament, ceea ce face dificil\u0103 func\u021bionarea motorului.\u00a0Deteriorarea fizic\u0103 este cea mai frecvent\u0103 cauz\u0103 a problemelor catalizatorului \u00een prezent.\u00a0Monoli\u021bii metalici sunt aproape complet rezisten\u021bi la aceast\u0103 form\u0103 de deteriorare.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Diagnostic:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nC\u0103uta\u021bi umfl\u0103turi \u0219i zg\u00e2rieturi pe carcasa catalizatorului sau sunete \u00een interiorul evacu\u0103rii cauzate de piese rupte.\u00a0De asemenea, sistemul de evacuare defect sau suporturile motorului provoac\u0103 vibra\u021bii care pot deteriora monolitul.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u021bie:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nInstalarea unui nou catalizator.\u00a0\u00cenlocuirea suportului de evacuare.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Catalizatorul \u00eenfundat cu plumb<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pentru a evita colmatarea catalizatorului cu plumb, este necesar s\u0103 se utilizeze combustibili f\u0103r\u0103 plumb.\u00a0Anume, plumbul creeaz\u0103 o pelicul\u0103 sub\u021bire pe suprafa\u021ba activ\u0103 a catalizatorului, care \u00eempiedic\u0103 apari\u021bia proceselor de reducere \u0219i oxidare.\u00a0Unul sau doi combustibili cu plumb sub\u021bire sunt deja suficien\u021bi pentru a degrada semnificativ performan\u021ba catalizatorului.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Diagnostic:
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Nivelul de colmatare sau efectul catalizatorului este propor\u021bional cu cantitatea de plumb depus\u0103 \u00een catalizator.\u00a0Cu ajutorul detectoarelor speciale de plumb, se poate identifica un catalizator \u00eenfundat.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u021bie:
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Instalarea unui nou catalizator.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eroare Runtime Sonde Lambda<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

O eroare \u00een func\u021bionarea sondei lambda conduce la formarea unui amestec de combustibil \u00een care se utilizeaz\u0103 abaterea aerului \u0219i a combustibilului de la raportul stoichiometric ideal, \u00een care func\u021bia catalizatorului este maximizat\u0103.\u00a0\u00cen cazul \u00een care amestecul este bogat \u00een combustibil, se men\u021bioneaz\u0103 problema de a introduce combustibil nears \u00een sistemul de evacuare, iar dac\u0103 combustibilul este prea slab, vehiculul \u00ee\u0219i pierde for\u021ba.\u00a0\u00cen acest caz, catalizatorul nu \u00ee\u0219i \u00eendepline\u0219te func\u021bia \u00een mod satisf\u0103c\u0103tor \u0219i nu trece testul ecologic (compozi\u021bie de NOx prea mare \u00een evacuare).
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Diagnostic:
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Factorul lambda defect poate fi determinat pe baza rezultatelor testului ecologic, \u00een timp ce sonda lambda defect\u0103 este verificat\u0103 de un aparat special \u00een acest scop.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u0163ie:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n\u00cenlocuirea convertorului catalitic nu va afecta solu\u021bia acestei probleme.\u00a0Sonda lambda trebuie \u00eenlocuit\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Intrarea de ulei \u0219i antigel \u00een zona de ardere<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Uleiul \u0219i antigelul care p\u0103trund \u00een mod eronat \u00een sistemul de evacuare pot preveni trecerea gazelor de e\u0219apament \u00een catalizator prin crearea de depuneri groase de funingine \u00een interiorul \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii catalizatorului.\u00a0Carbonul ars sub form\u0103 de funingine depus \u00een catalizator creeaz\u0103 urm\u0103toarele probleme.\u00a0\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, depunerile de funingine \u00eempiedic\u0103 func\u021bia principal\u0103 a catalizatorului – reducerea cantit\u0103\u021bii de gaze d\u0103un\u0103toare (HC, CO, NOx) \u00een gazele de e\u0219apament \u0219i \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd, \u00eenfund\u0103 g\u0103urile mici din \u00eenc\u0103rcarea catalizatorului \u0219i astfel blocheaz\u0103 trecerea gazelor de e\u0219apament cre\u00e2nd o presiune de retur crescut\u0103 \u00een sistemul de evacuare.\u00a0Ca rezultat, sarcinile termice ale motorului sunt crescute \u2013 astfel, o durat\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 mai scurt\u0103 \u0219i revenirea gazelor de e\u0219apament \u00eenapoi la cilindru,\u00a0ceea ce reduce semnificativ utilitatea procesului care are loc \u00een cilindru \u0219i scade puterea motorului cu un consum crescut de combustibil.\u00a0Acest lucru poate fi cauzat de leg\u0103turile pistoanelor uzate, garniturile supapelor uzate sau de o garnitur\u0103 defectuoas\u0103 a chiulasei.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u021bie:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n\u00cenlocuirea convertorului catalitic este o solu\u021bie temporar\u0103, deoarece este necesar s\u0103 se elimine problema care determin\u0103 p\u0103trunderea uleiului \u00een sistemul de evacuare.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bujii uzate sau fi\u0219e de bujii uzate<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bujiile care nu genereaz\u0103 o sc\u00e2nteie sau fac acest lucru la un moment nepotrivit sunt motivul pentru care combustibilul nears intr\u0103 \u00een sistemul de evacuare.\u00a0Combustibilul ars din sistemul de evacuare din catalizator arde din cauza temperaturilor ridicate ale procesului din acesta \u0219i cre\u0219te \u0219i mai mult temperaturile de v\u00e2rf ale procesului, care afecteaz\u0103 topirea \u0219i descompunerea catalizatorului \u00een sine.\u00a0Corectitudinea bujiilor \u0219i a cablurilor bujiei ar trebui verificat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u0219i modificat\u0103 \u00een cazul unor eventuale defec\u021biuni.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Diagnostic:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nVerificarea bujiilor \u0219i fi\u0219elor de bujii.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u021bie:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n\u00cenlocuirea convertorului catalitic este o solu\u021bie temporar\u0103, deoarece este necesar s\u0103 se \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 bujiile sau fi\u0219ele defecte pentru a se evita defectarea catalizatorului.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Excesul de combustibil nears \u00een evacuare<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Combustibilul care arde \u0219i d\u0103 putere motorului, este conceput pentru a arde complet \u00een cilindru.\u00a0Excesul de combustibil care nu arde \u00een cilindru intr\u0103 \u00een sistemul de evacuare \u0219i arde c\u00e2nd gazele de e\u0219apament ajung la catalizator, unde este cea mai ridicat\u0103 temperatur\u0103 din \u00eentregul sistem de evacuare.\u00a0Aceast\u0103 combustie nedorit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te suplimentar catalizatorul la temperaturi extrem de ridicate, ceea ce duce la topirea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103turii ceramice a catalizatorului.
\nMotivele posibile ale raportului incorect de aer \u0219i benzin\u0103 \u00een amestecul de combustibil pot fi urm\u0103toarele: cuplu incorect al bujiei, fi\u0219e bujii corodate, sond\u0103 lambda defect\u0103, injector de combustibil defect sau senzori defec\u021bi ai motorului.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Diagnostic:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\nFunc\u021bionarea defectuoas\u0103 a motorului, pierderea puterii \u0219i a cuplului, funingine la evacuare.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u0163ie:
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Convertorul catalitic trebuie \u00eenlocuit numai dup\u0103 ce sursa primar\u0103 de defec\u021biune a fost \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirea catalizatorului<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De-a lungul anilor de exploatare, catalizatorii \u0219i-au pierdut eficacitatea.\u00a0Diver\u0219i aditivi de combustibili \u0219i uleiuri, particule metalice \u0219i de resturi \u00een evacuare \u0219i oboseala general\u0103 a materialului catalizator determin\u0103 o sc\u0103dere a eficien\u021bei de func\u021bionare \u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, o cre\u0219tere a emisiilor de gaze de e\u0219apament.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Solu\u021bie:
\n<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00cenlocuirea convertorului catalitic este cea mai bun\u0103 solu\u021bie la problem\u0103, iar \u00eentre\u021binerea regulat\u0103 a vehiculelor \u0219i utilizarea aditivilor compatibili cu CAT sunt recomandate ca prevenire.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2t de des este necesar\u0103 schimbarea convertorului catalitic?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Teoretic, convertorul catalitic ar trebui s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 durata de via\u021b\u0103 a vehiculului.\u00a0Cu toate acestea, datorit\u0103 sarcinilor termice \u0219i mecanice extreme la care este expus convertorul catalitic pe vehicul, este necesar s\u0103 \u00eenlocui\u021bi catalizatorul cel pu\u021bin o dat\u0103 pe durata de via\u021b\u0103 a vehiculului (la fiecare 200.000 \u2013 350.000 km).\u00a0La unele vehicule, catalizatorii se deterioreaz\u0103 mult mai devreme din cauza monoli\u021bilor ceramici.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Catalizatorul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 la intervale scurte de condus?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Catalizatorul trebuie s\u0103 ating\u0103 temperatura de func\u021bionare pentru a \u00eencepe s\u0103 efectueze procesele chimice prezise.\u00a0Timpul de \u00eenc\u0103lzire este de aproximativ trei minute \u00een timpul iernii.\u00a0Apropierea convertorului catalitic la motor poate reduce \u0219i mai mult timpul necesar pentru a atinge temperatura de func\u021bionare.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De ce mirosul catalizator uneori miroase a ou\u0103 stricate?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Duhoarea ou\u0103lor putrede apare uneori din cauza form\u0103rii de hidrogen sulf \u00een catalizator din elementele de ardere de sulf din combustibil.\u00a0De obicei, apare din cauza schimb\u0103rilor bru\u0219te \u00een modul motor.\u00a0Acest fenomen apare cel mai frecvent la vehiculele mai noi \u0219i dispare treptat odat\u0103 cu v\u00e2rsta.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Se poate repara catalizatorul?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un catalizator este un element care nu se repar\u0103, dar se schimb\u0103.\u00a0O compozi\u021bie de evacuare advers\u0103 poate fi prezent\u0103 cu convertorul catalitic corect \u0219i cauza trebuie apoi diagnosticat\u0103 \u0219i eliminat\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Convertorul catalitic afecteaz\u0103 performan\u021ba vehiculului?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nu, deoarece func\u021bionarea vehiculului este optimizat\u0103 pentru construc\u021bia unui sistem de evacuare pentru care elementul standard \u0219i indispensabil este catalizatorul.\u00a0Cu toate acestea, convertorul catalitic provoac\u0103 o subpresiune suplimentar\u0103 \u00een sistemul de evacuare, dar datorit\u0103 acestui fapt, evacuarea din spate poate avea o construc\u021bie mai pu\u021bin restrictiv\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 catalizatori pentru vehiculele diesel?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Construc\u021bia lor este at\u00e2t de diferit\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t sunt destinate \u00een primul r\u00e2nd reac\u021biilor de reducere pentru a reduce cantitatea de NOx, care este considerabil\u0103 la motoarele diesel.\u00a0Emisiile de HC \u0219i CO de la motoarele diesel sunt neglijabile.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pot folosi aditivi pentru ulei \u0219i combustibil \u00een vehiculele cu convertor catalitic?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Se recomand\u0103 utilizarea aditivilor care sunt declara\u021bi prieteno\u0219i CAT.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a> Cum \u0219tiu dac\u0103 vehiculul meu are sau nu are un convertor catalitic?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sonda lambda de prezen\u021b\u0103\u00a0indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 vehiculul are un convertor catalitic.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Convertizoarele catalitice au fost o parte inevitabil\u0103 a sistemului de evacuare a fiec\u0103rui vehicul nou \u00een ultimii zece ani.\u00a0Motivul const\u0103 \u00een standardele de mediu prescrise pentru compozi\u021bia gazelor de e\u0219apament pe care vehiculele trebuie s\u0103 le \u00eendeplineasc\u0103.\u00a0Motivele e\u0219ecului catalizatorului \u0219i cauzele acestora sunt explicate mai detaliat \u00een acest articol.\u00a0Au fost de asemenea r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentreb\u0103rile frecvente despre func\u021bionarea catalizatorului.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2066,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2065","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-auto"],"yoast_head":"\nCatalizator - Deteriorare fizic\u0103 a acestuia - Eroare Runtime Sonde Lambda<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Catalizator - 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